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By Ryan Lee Price
Turn of the century cross-country travel by automobile meant traversing poor roads. The trip took weeks, inspiring the US Army to try a journey of its own.
Soon after the turn of the century, some automobile companies were using their products to help promote sales in the shipping industry. In 1908, Packard sent one of its trucks from New York to San Francisco with a three-ton load. The trip took 48 days and helped inspire the US government to try a journey of its own.
The Lincoln Highway
One answer to the need for better roads was a continuous highway from coast to coast. The Lincoln Highway was perhaps the first main road to connect the two coasts, stretching from New York to San Francisco, and its direct impact southwest United States was limited. Most travelers didn’t turn left. In many sections the route made use of old roads, including a 17th-century road in New Jersey laid out by Dutch colonists; the Chambersburg turnpike used by Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to reach Gettysburg; portions of the Mormon Trail; routes used by the Pony Express; and the Donner Pass crossing of the Sierras.
The Lincoln Highway was the first transcontinental highway. It was named for the nation’s most honored president, Abraham Lincoln.
According to the 1919 edition of the Encyclopedia Americana, “The route is marked with a distinctive red, white and blue marker, bearing a blue ‘L’ on the central white field. For every mile of improvement secured on the Lincoln Highway, 10 miles have followed as a direct result upon other routes connecting important centers north and south with the main line. Along its entire length the highest type of highway construction is represented in this modern American Appian Way.”
In 1916, Woodrow Wilson announced as part of his election platform: “The happiness, comfort and prosperity of rural life, and the development of the city, are alike conserved by the construction of public highways.” He signed the Federal Aid Road Act, the first federal highway funding law, providing $75 million to build and improve roads.
The US Army Joins the Convoy
When moving people and materiel by railroad alone during World War I proved inadequate, the US Army experimented with truck convoys to supplement the railroad. The two-month ordeal of the US Army Transcontinental Motor Convoy in 1919 convinced the Army of the need for better roads.
US Army Transcontinental Motor Convoy of 1919
Despite this “Appian Way,” the US Army was determined to discover the true conditions of roads to the Pacific and set out on July 7 from Washington DC with 81 vehicles and trailers, including: 34 heavy cargo trucks, 4 light delivery trucks, two mobile machine shops, one blacksmith shop, one wrecking truck, an artillery wheeled tractor that towed nine trucks at once and was equipped with a power winch. There were two spare parts stores, two water tanks, one gasoline tank, one searchlight with an electrical power plant truck, four kitchen trailers, eight touring cars, one reconnaissance car, two staff observation cars, five sidecar motorcycles, and four solo motorcycles. As well as five GMC ambulances with two ambulance trailers, a four-ton pontoon trailer (left in Omaha) and a Renault Whippet FT-17 tank lashed to a flatbed trailer. Dealers en route supplied gasoline and tires to the convoy and the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company provided two trucks that carried spare standard tires.
Most all of the 3,250 miles of roadways were unpaved and undeveloped, creating untold problems, both mechanical and logistical. Most of the men were not trained to use the equipment and literally only one man of the 24 officers (including a young Dwight D. Eisenhower), 15 staff members from the War Department and 258 enlisted men — Henry Ostermann — knew the way across what was then still a patchwork of roads that ranged from concrete to mud (he had driven across the country 19 times).
Passing through 350 towns and communities and being witnessed by nearly three million people, the convoy completed the trip in 63 days, arriving in Oakland, California on September 7, proving that the infrastructure of the country was woefully inadequate to transport much of anything, especially during a time of war.
In his novel Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck called Route 66, “The “Mother Road,” because it was used during the Dust Bowl and Great Depression in the 1930s by hundreds of thousands of people to flee great hardship.
Get Your Kicks on Route 66
Route 66 was a highway spawned by the demands of a rapidly changing America. Contrasted with the Lincoln, the Dixie, and other highways of its day, Route 66 did not follow the traditionally linear course as did the other highways. Its unusual diagonal course linked hundreds of rural communities in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas to Chicago; thus enabling farmers to transport grain and produce for redistribution. The diagonal configuration of Route 66 was particularly significant to the trucking industry, which by 1930 had come to rival the railroad for preeminence in the American shipping industry. The “Mother Road,” christened so by John Steinbeck in his novel Grapes of Wrath, between Chicago and the Pacific Coast, traversed essentially flat prairie lands and enjoyed a more temperate climate than northern highways, which made it especially appealing to truckers.
From Chicago, Route 66 began as nothing more than a series of intertwining trails headed west, mostly a cobbling of farm-to-market roads, driveways, paths, old wagon trails, small rudely improved thoroughfares and downtown streets … as long as it pointed westward and got you out of town and toward the next, it was part of what would be called Route 66. More importantly, it ferried people to California, especially during the Great Depression when thousands of tenant farmers searched for a new life and better opportunities.
Until roughly 1926 (though official U.S. Route 66 signs didn’t appear until the following year), travelers would have to brave unmarked roads and meandering byways with trepidation that the next town would be just over the horizon. The road was rough and unforgiving, but the promise of California was a tempting motive, and as more cars became a prevalent part of American culture, more people took to the road.
Interstate Highway System
In an effort not only to connect the country’s population, but also to connect the country’s military installations and to ease the travel of the military, the Interstate Highway System was planned and implemented in earnest after the signing of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921.
In 1922, the Bureau of Public Roads commissioned General John “Black Jack” Pershing to provide a proposal for a national highway system (based on importance in the event of war). His proposal, referred to as “The Pershing Map,” was 32-feet long and suggested the building of 78,000 miles of road, most of which were completed and formed a substantial portion of the Interstate Highway System.
Throughout the 1920s, road construction boomed with the increased enthusiasm behind traveling and visiting the nation’s newest National Parks. From a 1922 report for the Department of Interior from the National Parks Service, it is clear that the automobile had really mobilized a nation [punctuation is original]: “Undoubtedly the principal factor in the travel movement in this country to-day is the enlarged use of the automobile. It is true the automobile affords a wide freedom in movement of parties limited only by the capacity of the cars, and permits stops at or excursions from any points en route to a particular destination that appeal to the members of the party. It meets the opportunities for out-of-door recreation that we Americans as a sightseeing nation seem to crave, and has come to be considered by many to be the ideal means of vacation travel.”
Having spent two months with the 1919 Army Convoy and seeing the mobilization of Germany with the Reichsautobahn system during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower was a strong proponent of the highway system. In 1955 the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways mapped out what became the Interstate System, and Charles Erwin Wilson, who was head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953, planned out the implementation of the highway system. This was in the midst of the Cold War, and Eisenhower debated for the highways for the purpose of national defense. In the event of an invasion, the US Army would need good highways to be able to transport troops across the country efficiently.
Missouri road was the first project of the 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act.
The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 (known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956), authorized $25 billion dollars to be spent over 12 years of construction (with the states paying 10 percent of the cost through taxes on fuel, cars and tires). However, it ended up costing $114 billion and took 35 years. The last portion of the original plans — a section of the I-70 through Glenwood Canyon in Colorado — was completed on October 14, 1992.
The nation was connected.
Up next: Coast to Coast. The History of Transcontinental Travel, Part 4: The New Record Setters
Previous: Coast to Coast. The History of Transcontinental Travel, Part 2: Wheels and Wings
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Throughout the history of American transportation, cross-country migration had been based on three things, imperialism — to conquer new lands and expand the country’s boundaries; on necessity — to farm land and achieve prosperity; and on recreation and education — to see the sights and explore new vistas. Late in the 20th century, a new aspect of cross-country travel emerged: racing, not just getting there, but going faster and getting there quicker.
The Cannonball Run
Dan Gurney and Brock Yates
Known officially as the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, the unofficial race was run five times in the 1970s and was the subject of several movies in the following decade. Car and Driver editor Steve Smith and magazine writer and racer Brock Yates devised the event as a celebration of Erwin George “Cannon Ball’ Baker’s previous record setting trips, as well as a protest against the National Maximum Speed Law being enacted in 1974 (which Yates and Smith argued was slower than the average speed of Baker’s 1933 New York City to Los Angeles trek). Yates and Smith were also inspired by various “road movies” of the late 1960s and early 1970s, specifically Monte Hellman’s Two-Lane Blacktop and Richard C. Sarafian’s Vanishing Point (both released in 1971).
Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash vehicle: a 1971 Dodge Custom Sportsman, called “Moon Trash II”
The object of the race was simple: Leave the Red Ball Garage in New York City and be the first person to reach the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach in the shortest time possible. There were no other rules.
The first race began on May 3, 1971, using a 1971 Dodge Custom Sportsman van called the “Moon Trash II.” The race was run four more times over the next few years. In the 1975 running, Jack May and Rick Cline drove a Ferrari Dino in a record time of 35 hours and 53 minutes, averaging 83 mph. The second race was won by American racing legend Dan Gurney (winner of the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans) in a Ferrari Daytona. Dan later remarked, tongue in cheek: “At no time did we exceed 175 mph.”
After five runs, the official record for the Cannonball was 32 hours and 51 minutes (about 87 mph), set in the final run by Dave Heinz and Dave Yarborough in a Jaguar XJS in April 1979. Over 250 racers participated in the Cannonball Run races in anything from a Travco Motorhome (44:42) and a Honda 600 (DNF) to a Ferrari 308 (35:58) and a Mercedes Benz 450 SEL (32:59).
The race entered mainstream consciousness after a series of movies depicting the Cannonball Run debuted, all featuring illegal coast-to-coast races. Cannonball was directed by Paul Bartel and released in 1976, the same year as Charles Bail’s Gumball Rally, a more accurate depiction of the event. In 1981, Burt Reynolds joined an all-star cast in the movie Cannonball Run, based on the exploits of the original race. Cannonball Run was followed up in 1984 with a less-than-successful sequel. Both movies were written by Yates and directed by fellow car enthusiast and career stuntman Hal Needham. The movie uses the actual ambulance they both drove in the 1979 Cannonball Run (complete with a “doctor”). Speed Zone, considered the final installment of the Cannonball Run series of movies was released in 1989, and has a completely different cast (with the sole exception of Jamie Farr).
At Tire Rack One Lap of America, May 2014, via Tire Rack
After Car and Driver succumbed to the risks of sponsoring an illegal event, the editors chose to abandon any further attempts and started a successor race, the “Tire Rack One Lap of America.” Instead of a coast-to-coast straight shot, racers must compete various time trials on public roads and/or racetracks around the country. Started in 1984, the length of a typical race can be up to 10,000 miles. The 2015 event features 7 days of competition over 3245 miles and begins in South Bend, Indiana on Saturday, May 2nd.
Further Attempts
With the Cannonball Run as its inspiration, one of its former racers, Rick Doherty, organized the U.S. Express with similar aims. The only difference is that the U.S. Express terminated at the beach in Santa Monica, making it slightly longer than the Cannonball Run. The results of the 1983 race broke the previous record, clocking in 32 hours, 7 minutes by David Diem and Doug Turner at the wheel of a Mazda RX-7.
Alexander Roy
Though the U.S. Express record was never official nor was it documented or confirmed, it was still regarded as the record. Alexander Roy is an American rally driver and winner of the very Cannonball-esque Gumball 3000 around-the-world rally from England. A not-too-serious event, Roy regularly attends the rally in various police livery (in 2003 he was dressed as a Canadian Mounted Police driving a 2000 BMW M5). Roy meticulously prepares for rallies with the goal of avoiding police stops by using maps, GPS navigation, and spreadsheets. During the 2004 rally, he impersonated a police officer complete with mounted lights that he used to perform traffic stops against his competitors during the rally.
After hearing about the U.S. Express record from 1983, Roy set out to break its record in 2006. A practice run in December 2005 yielded a finishing time of 34 hours and 46 minutes, and the addition of a spotter plane. The following April ended in a fuel pump failure. The successful run took place over Columbus Day weekend in 2006 with co-driver David Maher (another Gumball rally driver). He traveled 2,794 miles in 31 hours and four minutes with an average speed of 90.1 miles. From New York to Santa Monica, he only encountered four traffic lights and four toll booths.
Dave Black, Ed Bolian, and Dan Huang
A three-man team led by Ed Bolian claims to have driven the 2,813.7 mile route from the Red Ball Garage in New York to the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach on October 19-20, 2013, in 28 hours and 50 minutes, averaging 98 miles per hour, including the 15 minutes it took to get out of Manhattan. Driving a 2004 Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG, and stopping only three times for fuel because the car was equipped with two specially installed 22-gallon auxiliary fuel tanks in addition to its standard 23-gallon tank, Bolian offered GPS logs as proof of his accomplishment (read more about it here: Doug DeMuro, “Meet The Guy Who Drove Across The U.S. In A Record 28 Hours 50 Minutes,” Jalopnik, 30 October 2013, Web.)
It is interesting to note that Brock Yates, the original founder of the Cannonball Run doesn’t acknowledge any further attempts, claiming, “Someone was going to get killed.”
Up next: Coast to Coast. The History of Transcontinental Travel, Part 5: The Future of Car Travel
Previous: Coast to Coast. The History of Transcontinental Travel, Part 3: Better Roads, Please
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Years ago, vehicles were equipped with carburetors and required a longer cranking time to start. In many instances this longer cranking time would reveal a weak battery. You could actually hear the cranking power reduced especially in cold weather. When fuel-injected engines became the norm this was not as evident due to the fact that the vehicle starts up quicker.
A sudden change in temperature usually takes a weak battery out. That’s why the day before your vehicle may have started fine, with no warning of a problem. Then an extreme change in the weather (hot or cold) causes the weak battery to die, seemingly without a warning.
Why do batteries fail?
It’s unusual for a battery to malfunction because of a defect, driving habits are the usual cause. Using a lot of vehicle accessories and driving short distances prevents the battery from fully charging. Extended idling with heavy accessory use or driving a short distance only once a week can also reduce battery performance.
(example from General Motors)
When the battery does not have have an opportunity to charge fully, acid stratification occurs. The electrolyte (battery acid) in a stratified battery concentrates on the bottom. It is similar to the way sugar granules collect on the bottom of a cup of coffee before it is stirred. Batteries tend to stratify if kept at low charge (below 80%) and don’t get the opportunity to receive a full charge. For example, short distance driving while running windshield wipers and electric heaters contributes to acid stratification. Acid stratification reduces the overall performance and life of the battery.
How to protect the battery
Check your battery every two years and keep the connections clean. Also clean the area around the battery hold down. Usually if a battery is super corroded the terminals leads are no longer airtight. If you clean your battery terminals and cables and the corrosion returns, replace the battery. If your battery is four years old and corroded, replace the battery.
Batteries can cause all kinds of crazy problems; the vehicle’s electrical system has to be 100%. I have seen people replace parts on vehicles when the only thing wrong was a weak battery.
Just recently I checked a friend’s car and found a dead battery. I explained the battery read 12.5v but would not start the vehicle. He came back and told us the battery was okay. I asked the gentleman if he load tested it. He had not, but when he did he came back with a new battery.
Batteries can be difficult to diagnose, if your battery is more than three years old, my suggestion is to replace it. If you are seeing excessive corrosion and have had problems don’t fool around with an old battery. Have it checked out.
Battery Basics
Typical automotive batteries are made of five basic components:
Battery cutaway images courtesy of Battery Council International
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By Jim Marotta
At 100 horsepower per liter, GM’s newer turbocharged 1.4L has the power of a larger engine but retains the efficiency of a small-displacement four-cylinder in most driving conditions. Courtesy GM
A naturally aspirated automobile engine uses the downward stroke of a piston to create an area of low pressure in order to draw air into the cylinder through the intake valves. Because the pressure in the atmosphere is no more than 14.7 psi, there is a limit to the amount of airflow entering the combustion chamber.
A turbocharged engine uses a radial fan pump driven by the engine’s exhaust that consists of a turbine and a compressor on a shared shaft. The turbine converts exhaust gases exiting the engine into rotational force, which is used to drive a compressor which draws in ambient air and pumps it at high pressure into the intake manifold to improve the engine’s volumetric efficiency. This results in a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each intake stroke.
There are four main components to a turbocharger: the housing, the impeller/turbine wheels, the center hub and the bypass.
The size and shape of the housings fitted around the impeller and turbine affect performance, response, and efficiency. Courtesy Borg-Warner
The size and shape of the housings fitted around the impeller and turbine dictate the performance characteristics of the overall turbocharger. This allows the designer of the engine system to tailor the compromises between performance, response, and efficiency to application or preference.
The impeller and turbine wheel sizes also dictate the amount of air or exhaust that can be flowed through the system. Generally, the larger the turbine and compressor wheels, the larger the flow capacity. The shape, curvature and number of blades on the wheels allow infinite variability in design to tailor a turbocharger to a given engine.
Water-cooled bearings, such as the one shown, allow engine coolant to keep the lubricating oil cooler, avoiding possible oil coking from the extreme heat found in the turbine. Courtesy Borg-Warner
The center hub connects the compressor impeller and turbine and uses a bearing lubricated by a constant supply of pressurized engine oil. While the engine oil cools some systems, the preferred method is to use engine coolant to keep the lubricating oil cooler, avoiding possible oil coking from the extreme heat found in the turbine.
Turbos use a bypass or wastegate to prevent over-pressurizing the system. At a specific boost pressure, a bypass feeds part of the exhaust gas flow around the turbine. The wastegate which opens or closes the bypass is usually operated by a spring-loaded diaphragm in response to the boost pressure.
There are several tips to maintaining and servicing turbochargers:
Planning to service or repair your vehicle? Chilton can help! Access procedures, specifications, tips, and more at http://www.ChiltonDIY.com/.
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A muscle car enthusiast and drag racer, Jim Marotta is a freelance automotive writer with more than 20 years experience in the automotive industry. |
Undoubtedly, the transcontinental record posted last year will not stand for long, as there are probably teams of people right now plotting their strategy to traverse the country in less time. They will certainly achieve this with new routes, higher speeds, and/or better luck. Throughout the history of transcontinental travel, the limitations on closing the time gap was technology and the infrastructure: Wagons, trains, motorcycles, and cars traveled across everything from the barren wastelands of the Southwest to pristine asphalt freshly laid west.
The very nature of the automobile and railroad industry may change the environment of future attempts, as technology and the imagination of engineers and scientists endeavor to create safe, faster, and better travel. Autonomous vehicles, magnetic levitating (Maglev) bullet trains, and commercial airplanes complete with auto pilot, are the future. Imagine riding in a car that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input; what’s more, imagine being surrounded by like vehicles. Perhaps the highways of the near future will be dominated by such cars and trucks that can run at high speeds for long durations in close formations, hampered neither by traffic, speed laws, or fuel constraints.
2016 Mercedes S Class autonomous features
For example, the 2016 Mercedes S-Class has options for autonomous steering, lane maintaining functions, acceleration/braking, parking, accident avoidance, and driver fatigue detection, in both city traffic and highway speeds of up to 124 mph. With adaptive cruise control (monitors distances to adjacent vehicles in the same lane, adjusting the speed with the flow of traffic) it has the earmarks of a completely autonomous vehicle.
Google’s self-driving car project
Not to be outdone by Mercedes, Audi and BMW have done extensive research on self-driving cars, but nothing like what Google has been working on. Sebastian Thrun is head of Google’s Self-Driving Car project at Google X (its experimental branch). Working on legislation passed in four states and Washington D.C. to allow driverless cars, Thrun’s team, along with Toyota, modified a Prius with driverless technology. In May 2012, it was the first such car to obtain a license for an autonomous car.
By 2020, Google plans to offer its version of a driverless car (it has no pedals nor a steering wheel) to the public. As of September 2015, Google’s fleet of experimental prototypes have traveled nearly 1.3 million miles of public roads (with only 14 minor traffic accidents).
Highways of the Future
Smart Highway by Daan Roosegaarde
Imagine a highway not dotted with road signs or streetlights, but brightly lit and well annotated. The lines on the road itself glows, and the road signs appear on a monitor inside the cabin of your car (or not at all; the car’s computer knows where it is and where it is going so you don’t have to). Sounds a little far fetched, but right now there are about three miles of Highway N329 outside of Amsterdam that use glowing green paint to mark the lanes. Developed by Daan Roosegaarde, the paint glows indefinitely, and he has big ideas to make it able to change colors depending on road conditions.
Solar Roadways
In Sandpoint, Idaho, Solar Roadways, owned by Scott and Julie Brusaw, has developed interconnected road panels to form a “smart” highway. Harnessing the power everywhere there are roads, can power lights, signs, and even electric cars using the roads themselves. In addition to the potential to power nearby homes, businesses, and electric vehicles, the panels also have heating elements for convenient snow and ice removal, as well as LEDs that can make road signage.
Take the Train
Japan’s high speed rail line
For years, countries like Japan and England/France have utilized high-speed rail in their countries. Japan’s Shinkansen line is the world’s busiest high-speed line, carrying nearly 151 million passengers a year between Tokyo and Osaka, while China’s high-speed system ferries over 370 million annually. Though they travel at approximately 150mph, this is by conventional railway trains (steel rails and a wheeled trains), but the future is Maglev train systems that travel on superconducting magnets that not only drive the train forward at incredible speeds but keep it planted on the tracks. In 2009, the Maglev Technological Practicality Evaluation Committee under the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism deemed the SCMaglev system ready for commercial operation. In 2003, the Maglev train with three passenger cars (unoccupied) set the land speed record for railed vehicles at 361.0 mph. Completed systems will be online by 2027 in Japan, and at that rate, one could travel from New York to Los Angeles in 6.7 hours.
Beyond the Wheel
With cars communicating with each other along the highways, dangers ahead can be shared among the cars on the road. The speeds can increase, the distance between cars can decrease, and accidents can become nearly a thing of the past. As many automakers have shown, a computer is much quicker than any human in detecting a situation, deciding on what course of action to take, and taking that action. A deer crossing the road can be detected by a computer in pitch black darkness hundreds of feet away and a solution formatted long before the deer knows there’s a car approaching.
Production cars today are capable of sub-200 mph speeds; now imagine those speeds with the confidence of a well-engineered road and a computer at the helm, the time it would take to travel from New York to Los Angeles would be just over 12 hours.
The Transcontinental Record?
It is hard to say what the future holds, but one thing is clear: As long as there is a record on the books, someone, somewhere will try to break it. After all, when the first person set foot on this continent, negotiating a path to the other side was made impossible only by his or her own limitations.
The quickest way from the East to the West Coast was via Clipper ship around The Horn, taking about 150 days. By land, that time was nearly six months. Today, it is five hours by plane and, now, only 28 hours by car.
What will the record be in another 10 years? Twenty? And will it have been made by a human driving a car or a car driving the human? If it is the latter, will it still be a record?
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Originally the Hollywood sign said “Hollywoodland.” The last four letters were removed in 1949, during refurbishment.
Trapped in a moment of time, such as we are, it would appear that everything around us is as it has always been. The Hollywood Sign, for example, is a seemingly timeless icon that stands for not only a city but a whole industry known worldwide. Those nine 50-foot-tall letters have been perched on Mount Lee above Tinseltown since 1923, but as enduring as they appear, they have changed drastically over the years. Originally, they said “Hollywoodland” because it was used as a real estate advertisement. The letters were covered in 4,000 lightbulbs. The H was completely destroyed by Albert Kothe, who ran into it with his car while drunk (ironically, he was the sign’s caretaker). Most of the sign fell to pieces in the 1970s and was completely replaced in 1978. The letters of the new version, though they sit on the foundations of the original, are only 45 feet tall and made of metal, not wood.
See, many changes can take place over the course of nearly 100 years while the original concept still remains. Given enough time, this is true for car logos as well. The Peugeot lion, Porsche’s stallion, Alfa Romeo’s snake, the BMW propeller, the shields of Buick, and the rings of Audi, to name a few, have all seen alterations, either from changes in the company, changes in the design, or changes in how society perceives the company.
Here are a few examples:
Buick’s logo has evolved over 116 years.
Buick
The current tri-shields of Buick is a relatively recent incarnation of the company’s logo. Started in 1899 by David Buick and named Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company, Buick is currently the oldest active American car maker. David Buick, at first, wasn’t interested in making cars at all, instead, he wanted to build ship engines. In 1903, Buick incorporated his company, and his chief engineer Walter Marr began building cars. Buick himself quickly ran the company into the ground as was forced out by his partner William Durant in 1906. Buick died penniless in 1929.
Early Buick logos were just a variations of the word “Buick” set in a cursive script. In the 1930s a researcher in GM’s styling department, Ralph Pew, discovered a Scottish crest for the Buik family and decided it should be used as a grille decoration. In the 1940s, the shield gained a series of flourishes, and in 1959, it was divided into three shields, each representing the three models Buick offered at the time: LeSabre, Invicta, and Electra. In 1975, the logo became a hawk named Happy, which lasted too long well into 1990 when the tri-shield emblem returned.
For 90 years, the elements of Cadillac’s logo remained relatively unchanged.
Cadillac
Turn-of-the-century car manufacturers were an incestuous lot. All related, their careers ebbed and flowed from one company to another. When we hear of Henry Ford, we can only think of the Model T and today’s best-selling trucks. However, by 1902, Ford had two companies in his wake and was on to his third. The first, the Detroit Automobile Company, went bankrupt in only two years, and he left his second venture, Henry Ford Company, after just a single year. The investors in Ford’s second company attempted to liquidate the assets, but an engineer named Henry M. Leland convinced them to keep the company solvent. They named the continued venture Cadillac in 1902 after Antoine Laumet de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, the founder of Detroit in 1701. Cadillac Automobile Company used the regal appearing de la Mothe coat of arms as its logo.
Interestingly, Laumet was never part of the de la Mothe family and he cobbled together this coat of arms from several different ones. He left France under dubious circumstances and arrived in the New World with a whole new identity around 1694.
The first logo for Cadillac was trademarked in 1906 and consisted of de la Mothe’s crown which represented the ancient Counts of France, the six merlettes (some say ducks) that stood for the Holy Trinity, and some color elements of the shield. For the next 90 years, the elements of the logo remained relatively unchanged, just presented in a variety of ways.
The current logo is a streamlined and watered-down version of the original. The crown, its points and the ducks—ahem, merlettes—are gone. Left is a colorful pallette of boxes in a shield reminiscent of the Autobots from the Transformers.
Rei Yoshimara completely re-stylized Mazda’s logo to its current incarnation.
Mazda
In the 1920s, there was a cork shortage in Japan because of World War I, so Toyo Cork Kogyo Co. started to process a cork substitute from the bark of the Abemaki tree. Since Japan would soon be able to get real cork, the company fell on hard times and needed to be rescued from bankruptcy. In 1927, Jujiro Matsuda joined the company and persuaded diversification, branching out into the tool making industry as well as producing three-wheeled trucks. During World War II, the company produced war material. The name Mazda was adopted after World War II and applied to every car the company ever made, but the company’s name had been Toyo Kogyo until 1984 when it formally switched to Mazda, a name that either came from Jujiro Matsuda himself or was a reference to Ahura Mazda, an Asian god of wisdom.
Early logos were just the Mazda name in a simple script. In 1936, the logo changed to the triple-M, which harkened to Hiroshima city’s emblem (Mazda’s hometown), the Ms standing for Mazda Motor Manufacturing. A major change occurred in 1991 when it introduced the diamond inside an oval, representing wings, the sun and circle of light. The folks at Renault complained that it too closely resembled its own logo, so Mazda altered if somewhat the following year. Five years later, Rei Yoshimara completely re-stylized the logo to its current incarnation. Dubbed the “owl” logo, the M was designed to look like outstretched wings. Many see a tulip instead.
There is no more famous prancing animal than the rearing stallion of Ferrari.
Ferrari
Prancing animals are a common theme among automakers, especially horses, considering early automobiles were marketed to replace the horse. There is no more famous prancing animal than the rearing stallion of Ferrari.
The Cavallino Rampante, the prancing horse’s official name, was the symbol of Count Francesco Baracca, a wealthy pilot who became a household name during World War I. After 34 successful engagements during the war, Baracca and his Spad VII was shot down on June 19, 1918. On the sides of every plane he flew during the war was painted a large prancing horse that he felt provided him good luck.
Enzo Ferrari formed Scuderia Ferrari, which means Ferrari stable, in 1929 in Modena, Italy. He initially prepared Alfa Romeo racing cars for various amateur drivers. When Alfa Romeo discontinued its racing team, Ferrari took over. However, in 1938, Alfa Romeo brought its racing team in-house again and hired Ferrari as the manager. Scuderia Ferrari was in hiatus.
The first Ferrari-badged car was the 1947 125S and was only made because Ferrari wanted to fund his racing efforts. That logo was the black prancing stallion over a field of yellow. Enzo Ferrari explains its introduction in his own words:
“The horse was painted on the fuselage of the fighter plane of Francesco Baracca — a heroic airman of the first World War. In ’23, I met Count Enrico Baracca, the hero’s father, and then his mother, Countess Paulina, who said to me one day, ‘Ferrari, put my son’s prancing horse on your cars. It will bring you good luck.’ The horse was, and still is, black, and I added the canary yellow background which is the colour of Modena.”
The yellow background represents Modena, Enzo Ferrari’s birthplace and the colors of the Italian flag span the top of early renditions. Coincidentally, the very same horse is used on the Ducati motorcycles. Ducati engineer Fabio Taglioni’s father was one of Count Baracca’s fellow airmen in the 91st Air Squad during World War I.
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Color is an important part of road signs today. Many drivers know what a sign means simply by its color. Here’s a rundown of some of the more common colors and examples of signs you might see on the road:
Now you know a little more about the colors of road signs so you can better navigate the road ahead.
Originally published on May 22, 2013.
The post Road Sign Colors: What You Need to Know appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
If you like to enjoy a morning cup of coffee in the car as you drive to work, start your errands or drop the kids off at school, you’re not alone. But, because we’re all human, this multitasking can sometimes lead to coffee spills on the carpets.
Don’t worry! This step-by-step guide can help you clean those stains right up. But, as Autoblog.com indicates, the method varies based on whether you drink your coffee with milk or not.
Note: Do not attempt to clean up any spills while driving. Wait until you have stopped your car to perform the steps below.
Soak up as much of the spill as possible, as soon as possible, using a towel and pressure from the palm of your hand or fist. This may help keep the spill from spreading, says Autoblog.com
If your coffee was black, or contained no milk, Autoblog.com suggests mixing a solution of 1/3 white vinegar to 2/3 water in a spray bottle. Spray the mixture onto the stain and blot again with a clean towel.
If you drink your coffee with milk, you’ll need to complete an extra step in this process. Prior to applying the vinegar mixture to the stain, you should first use a spray bottle to apply a mixture of a teaspoon of enzyme detergent and a cup of water, says Autoblog.com. Allow the mixture to sit for 10 to 15 minutes. Then, using a towel, blot up the spot and use a light brush agitation if needed. This extra step helps to break up the protein stain from the milk, according to the site.
Let the vinegar mixture soak for a few minutes.
Lightly rinse with cold water.
Using a new towel, blot the area again until it is dry.
Originally published on July 7, 2016.
The post Quick Fix: Clean Coffee Stains Out of Your Car Mats appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
Getting a new car can be exciting, but it’s also a big financial commitment. If you’re aware of frequent car-buying mistakes, though, you can make informed decisions as you go through the process. Here are some common blunders to avoid when you’re shopping for a new ride.
There’s a lot to consider before settling on the vehicle that fits your budget and lifestyle, so it makes good sense to start with some research. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety speaks to safety concerns with its comprehensive ratings that you can sort by make and model.
You may also want to look into some reviews on other features that are important to you. Sites such as Consumer Reports offer a variety of best/worst lists, like Best American Cars, Best New Cars under $30,000, Best/Worst Third-Row Seats and other rankings.
Doing the leg work to narrow down your list can help you focus when you actually begin shopping — either at the dealer or online.
Many buyers trade in their old car when shopping for a new one, because it can be an easy way to part ways with it. But experts suggest avoiding any talk about a trade-in until after you’ve negotiated the price of the new car. Consumer Reports says that’s because there’s too much opportunity for the salesperson to “work” the figures when you’re negotiating both vehicles, giving you a great deal on your trade-in, for instance, only to make up the difference on the cost of the new car.
Once you’ve settled the terms of the new car, then bring up the trade. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) says you should come prepared for negotiations by knowing your car’s worth, which you can check in the National Automobile Dealer Association’s NADA Guides, the Kelley Blue Book or other similar guides.
Once you’ve narrowed your options to a couple of models, Consumer Reports states that it’s important that you take a test drive. Passing on that can be a mistake, because there can be big variations in the handling of different models.
Drive each vehicle on the same day, for at least 30 minutes, Consumer Reports advises, so you can compare models more effectively. Consumer Reports also recommends driving the car over different road surfaces and, whenever possible, in various driving conditions. Take notes about the quality of the drive:
If you’re planning on financing your car, you’re not just limited to what the dealer offers. In fact, the FTC says a loan from a dealer may not be the best you can get. Shop around, the agency suggests, and consider options from banks, credit unions and online lenders.
When comparing financing, avoid focusing on the monthly payment, the FTC cautions, because it doesn’t accurately represent the total amount you’ll pay for the loan. Instead, the agency recommends comparing the annual percentage rates and the length of the loan to select the best deal.
Though it’s easy to get overwhelmed or even caught up in the excitement of buying a new car, avoiding these common car-buying mistakes can help you become a successful shopper.
Originally published on July 20, 2018.
The post Avoid Common Mistakes When Buying a New Car appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
Whether it’s a summer road trip, a winter commute or just a little excursion with the kids, it’s never a good time to be stranded on the side of the road. That’s where an emergency car kit can help. Filled with essentials to help you weather a range of calamities, it’s a stowaway in your trunk that can offer peace of mind.
Here’s a rundown of the basics — a number of add-ons you may not have thought of — so you can build out a roadside emergency kit you can rely on.
Every car kit should begin with some general emergency supplies. Here are some of the essentials recommended by the National Safety Council and Ready.gov:
Ready.gov also suggests keeping emergency numbers in your phone so that you can contact family, your auto insurance company and roadside assistance or a towing company.
You can probably picture a scenario where a basic kit simply isn’t enough. Is there a baby in tow? Are you driving in snowy season? Here are some additional car supplies recommended by Ready.gov, the American Red Cross and The Survival Mom, that may help:
A few essentials can save the day if your normally well-stocked diaper bag runs short. Consider keeping these items on hand:
You may also want to supplement with additional items that make sense for your own baby, like a blankie, toy or pacifier.
If your furry friend is a frequent car companion, it makes sense to stow these supplies for him, too:
It may not be the first thing you think of, but basic sanitation items can be very helpful when you’re stranded in the car. Having these items on hand may be helpful:
Consider adding these items to your kit depending on the season and weather:
Sometimes it takes a while before you or a professional can repair your vehicle and get you back on the road. A few distractions can help keep tempers in check:
Once you assemble your supplies, you’ll want to store them in sturdy container, like a large vacuum-seal bag or a plastic storage bin. But don’t just forget about it. Experts say it’s important to check and refresh supplies once or twice a year, so they’re in good condition for whatever the road throws your way.
The post Assembling an Emergency Car Kit: The Basics and Beyond appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
A car wash can keep your vehicle looking clean, and regular washings can also help maintain its finish, says Consumer Reports. But how do you decide what type of car wash to use?
If you’re unable or uninterested in washing your car at home, you may have options when it comes to choosing a car wash facility. Here’s a look at some of the features commonly found at different types of car washes.
If you like to wash your car by hand but can’t do so at home or like to take advantage of professional tools and supplies, a self-service car wash may be a good option.
At a self-service car wash, you typically pay a fee to use the facility’s water and brushes to clean your own car. Some places provide towels for drying the vehicle, but you can also choose to bring your own.
To help your car look its best, try to avoid washing it after it’s been running for a while or parked in direct sunlight, Consumer Reports suggests. That’s because the heat from your car may cause soap and water to quickly dry and result in spots. Washing and rinsing one section at a time may also help prevent soap from drying on your car.
If you want the attention to detail only a human being can provide, but you don’t want to do it yourself, a hand-wash service may be the right choice for you.
A hand wash car service provides employees who wash your car with soap and water by hand. Next, the vehicle is rinsed before it’s dried with towels. Some facilities also offer interior vacuuming and detailing, Angie’s List says.
An automatic car wash may be a good choice if you want your vehicle cleaned in just minutes. This type of car wash typically uses a conveyor system to take your car through a machine-run cleaning and drying process. Traditional washes use brushes to remove dirt and grime, while some facilities feature touch-free methods that clean cars using only soap, water and air. Touch-free car washes may be safer, Autoblog.com says, because there’s less risk of cosmetic damage to your car when brushes aren’t used.
Automatic car washes often offer options at a range of prices, which may include upgrades such as undercarriage cleaning, tire and wheel cleaning and spray-on wax.
Keep an eye out for any warning signs posted at the car wash entrance — they often suggest removing exterior items, such as antennae, to help avoid damage. If you have a pickup truck with an exposed bed, make sure the bed is empty before entering the car wash.
Some automatic washes have employees who towel-dry the cars. Angie’s List suggests that you consider letting your car air dry instead, to help avoid potential scratches from towels that have been used on multiple vehicles.
If you’re still not sure what type of car wash is right for you, consider asking your mechanic or neighbors for suggestions. You can also check the Better Business Bureau’s rating of local car wash facilities.
Regular car washes may help prevent rust and corrosion, Angie’s List says. Once you’ve chosen the type of car wash that fits your needs, you can hit the road knowing that you’ve taken steps to help protect your vehicle and make it look its best.
Originally published on June 10, 2014.
The post What Kind of Car Wash Is Right for You? appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
Whether you’re driving across town or the country, a flat tire can bring your travel plans to a sudden halt. You may be able to help prevent flat or blown out tires with some preventative maintenance and precautionary steps. Here’s a look at some ways to keep your tires inflated.
It’s important to make sure your car’s tires are properly inflated. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) suggests using a tire pressure gauge to check each tire, including the spare, at least monthly. Look for the label on the doorjamb or edge of the door on the driver’s side, or consult your car’s manual, to find the recommended tire pressure. Do this when your car hasn’t been driven for a few hours, as tire pressure readings can fluctuate when tires are warm.
If your car has a tire pressure monitoring system, don’t wait for the warning light to come on before adding air to your tires, the NHTSA says, because that generally happens when a tire is already significantly underinflated. Don’t rely on visual inspections, either, says the National Safety Council. Tires have typically lost half of their air before they begin to look flat.
In addition to helping prevent your tires from going flat, proper tire pressure may also play a role in your car’s fuel efficiency and extend your tires’ lifespan, the NHTSA says.
Having your tires rotated regularly may help avoid uneven wear patterns and prolong the life of your tires, the NHTSA says. Check your owner’s manual to see how often your tires should be rotated. Recommendations often range from every 5,000 to 10,000 miles, according to Edmunds.
Whether you rotate your own tires or go to a mechanic, this is also a good opportunity to inspect the treads and sidewalls for damage and ensure each tire is properly inflated, says U.S. News and World Report.
Though sometimes it’s unavoidable, try to take alternate routes if you know you’ll be driving near active construction zones or roads that are not well maintained. Sharp rocks, nails, metal shards, glass and potholes can all cause punctures and flat tires. Hitting a pothole may result in a damage to your tires, wheels and other parts of the car, the Insurance Information Institute says.
If you notice a tire has cracks or bulges, they may be the result of hitting things like potholes or debris on the road, Popular Mechanics says. Tires may be more susceptible to damage if they are underinflated when the impact occurs. Tires with bulges or cracks should be replaced.
Take another look at the label that lists your tire’s recommended tire pressure. It also indicates the maximum weight your vehicle should carry. Keep this number in mind when filling your vehicle, Popular Mechanics suggests, because an overloaded vehicle may ruin your tires.
If you’re transporting a heavy load, you may want to increase your tire pressure to help ensure your vehicle can support the weight of your car, Popular Mechanics says. Look at the sides of your tires to learn how much weight your tires can carry if the tires are inflated to the maximum pressure, which is also marked on each tire.
Tires may also pose potential hazards due to circumstances beyond your control. It’s a good idea to be aware of any manufacturer recalls related to your vehicle and tires.
The NHTSA provides a tool for checking whether there are recalls for the brand and model of your tires. You can also register to receive emails about recalls involving your vehicle.
While there is no guarantee you won’t encounter a flat tire at some point, there are some steps you can take to help prevent one. By remembering some basic tire maintenance, you can hit the road with the peace of mind that comes with knowing you’ve taken steps to help avoid an unexpected flat.
Originally published on June 11, 2011.
The post 5 Ways to Help Prevent a Flat Tire appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
No matter where you live and travel, it’s important to drive safely on the highway. After all, these fast-paced roads come with their own set of challenges. So, when you hit any interstate, keep these highway driving safety tips in mind.
Highway speed limits can range from 50 mph (in the District of Columbia) to 85 mph (in Texas), according to Road and Track magazine. So, you’ll want to observe speed limits to be sure you’re traveling at the posted limit in good driving conditions. Speeding endangers everyone on the road, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Remember, adjust your speed when driving through inclement weather like ice, rain and snow, as well as construction and bumper-to-bumper traffic.
Nobody likes being tailgated and, on top of that, it’s risky. If the driver in front of you has to come to a quick stop, following too closely could have dangerous consequences. Instead, maintain a safe following distance from the car ahead of you (especially if roads are slick). You should leave at least 3 seconds between you and the car or motorcycle in front of you, according to the NHSTA.
Highway driving means sharing the roads with plenty of semi-trucks. There are 3.2 million truck drivers in the U.S., with each of them averaging about 45,000 miles a year, according to Popular Mechanics Magazine. When sharing highways with these large trucks, be sure to give plenty of room when passing and merging in front of them and use your blinker. According to the Women In Trucking Association, look for the big side mirrors on a truck’s door, and remember if you cannot see the trucker, they cannot see you. Cutting off a semi-truck can cause the trucker to have to brake suddenly, which may cause them to lose control.
In some states, the left lane is considered the passing lane, so if you’re not overtaking a slower-moving vehicle, stay in the right lane, says U.S. News and World Report. Some interstates have signs posted to enforce this rule, and in some cases you may be pulled over and ticketed if you’re camping out in the left lane.
A good view from the driver’s seat may help ensure your safety, and it’s also important to make sure that other drivers can see you. The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles advises to turn on your headlights when the sun sets or when driving through adverse weather conditions, like rain, sleet, snow and fog.
Safe driving starts with you, so don’t get distracted by things like your smartphone or eating food. Instead, give the highway your undivided attention. According to the Insurance Information Institute, activities that take drivers’ attention off the road are a major safety threat.
Many of us pull on to the highway every day as part of our routine, but it’s always a good idea to think about safety before you do. Taking in these helpful reminders can help keep you, and everyone around you, safe on busy highways.
Originally published on November 25, 2013.
The post Brush Up on These Highway Driving Tips appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
There’s a lot to love about autumn — the changing leaves, pumpkin carving, sweater weather — but when it comes to getting behind the wheel of a car, the change in season from summer to fall can add some challenges. With the wetter, frostier conditions, fallen leaves and fewer hours of daylight, it’s a good idea to be prepared for the roads ahead. Here’s a list of a few autumn driving challenges.
In fall, rain is quite common, which can make visibility difficult and may cause hydroplaning. And if it’s an especially chilly day, rain can turn to frost. Be alert, give yourself enough space to stop and avoid breaking suddenly (unless you have to), says the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). If fog rolls in, use low beams and maintain an appropriate distance between other vehicles, according to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.
School is back in session, which adds more hustle and bustle in the streets — from increased traffic, to school buses frequent stops and pedestrians crossing. Make sure to follow the speed limits and be aware of pedestrians at all times, says NHTSA. And don’t forget: Halloween brings out trick-or-treaters, so be especially alert on Oct. 31.
Temperatures rise and fall during autumn. These changes may cause car tires to expand and contract, which can result in loss of air pressure. Check your tires regularly to make sure they’re properly inflated. Typically, you can find the proper air pressure for your tires, measured in pounds per square inch (psi), in your car’s owner’s manual.
The colors of fall leaves are a beautiful sight to see, but when they’re in piles on the road, it may turn ugly. Soggy leaves can be as slippery as a patch of ice, according to the National Center for Rural Road Safety. They can also camouflage road hazards, like potholes. If you see wet leaves in the street, proceed carefully.
All fall long, but especially come November, pay attention to animals crossing the road. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, you’re 3.5 times more likely to hit an animal — especially a deer — in November than at any other time of the year. This fall month coincides with deer mating season when bucks are likely to be roaming. Pay attention to “deer crossing” signs and be extra cautious if you’re driving at dusk or dawn, the highest-risk times for deer crashes. If you encounter an animal on the road, try to avoid swerving, says the Washington Department of Fish and Wildfire. Ideally, you’ll want to come to a controlled stop and let the animal pass.
After a long, balmy summer, the shift to fall can feel like a nice break. Soak it up while staying alert to the driving challenges of the season.
Originally published on October 29, 2013.
The post Prep for the Autumn Roads Ahead appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
If your vehicle’s windshield gets chipped or cracked, should you repair or replace it? Regardless of where you live, your windshield may take a beating. There could be pea gravel falling from uncovered construction trucks, sanitation vehicles laying down salt and sand when the weather calls for it and the occasional chunk of unknown debris kicked up by cars passing by.
I once had a pigeon fatally misjudge the 18-wheeler I was following under an overpass and fall onto my windshield. I thought my whole windshield was going to come down on me. It’s amazing that windshields survive as long as they do.
No matter the cause, it’s important to repair or replace your windshield after it has been damaged to help ensure it doesn’t get worse. Whether you need to fix a small ding or replace the whole windshield, here’s what you need to know about a damaged windshield
The good news is that smaller chips and cracks can usually be repaired by a professional for a reasonable fee, according to Edmunds. If the chip or crack can be covered by a dollar bill, Safelite Auto Glass says it’s typically safe to repair.
However, if the chip is directly in the driver’s line of sight, there are more than three cracks or chips on the glass, the damage is at the edge of the windshield or the windshield is old and covered with tiny divots, it should be replaced rather than repaired, says Safelite. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the windshield serves as an important structural part in many vehicles that contributes to the overall strength of the car — this is why it’s important to repair cracks before they grow and your windshield must be completely replaced.
The repair process works by injecting a special resin into the chipped area. For cracks, holes may be drilled at the ends of the crack to help prevent it from spreading. Windshields are made of three layers: A layer of resin or polymer is sandwiched between two layers of glass, says Popular Mechanics. Drilling to, but not through, the plastic takes an experienced hand.
If your windshield can be repaired, do it immediately. A small chip can spread across the windshield if you hit a big pothole, drive on a bumpy road or make an aggressive turn, says Glass.com. And, most states make it illegal to drive a car with a cracked windshield, says the Insurance Information Institute. If you’re on the road away from home, a repair company can typically come to you.
If you’re comfortable doing so, you can attempt to repair the chip or crack yourself. There are many do-it-yourself repair kits available at auto parts stores, and they often replicate the resin injection technique of the professionals. The difference, of course, is the quality of the tools and materials as well as the training and expertise of the person administering the repair. Because these kits may not perfectly replicate a professional repair, you might want to consider using them on chips that are located in an inconspicuous area, like the bottom right corner of the passenger side.
Remember, a key function of the repair is to help prevent the crack or chip from expanding or spreading, and also to help restore some of the structural integrity of the glass. If you’re unsure about any aspect of the DIY repair process, consider hiring a professional.
The takeaway: Repair if possible and logical. Replace if you must. And consider using a professional for best results.
Originally published on May 29, 2016.
The post Chips and Cracks: When to Repair or Replace a Damaged Windshield appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
The U.S. is among about 75 percent of the countries in the world that drive on the right side of the road, National Geographic says. The reason why most countries use the right lanes dates back to before the invention of cars — and the same is true for the approximately 50 countries in which drivers travel on the left side of the road. Here’s a look at why different countries drive on different sides of the road.
The reason why some countries drive on the left side of the road is likely due to the fact that most people are right-handed. Some of the earliest modes of transportation, such as ancient Roman chariots, were pulled by horses whose drivers likely drove on the left side and defended themselves from oncoming enemies with weapons held in their dominant right hands, the History Channel says. Elsewhere, there was such little traffic from horse-drawn wagons that the preferred side of the road typically varied by community. Eventually, the British government decided traffic should keep to the left, and the law carried down to many of its colonies. That’s why South Africa, Australia and India, among other former British territories, drive on the left side of the road to this day.
Although the U.S. was colonized by Britain, people traveling on horseback and by wagon used the right side of the road, according to the Department of Transportation (DOT). By sitting to the left, drivers could better see oncoming travelers and defend themselves when necessary. When Pennsylvania began plans to build a turnpike in 1792, it adopted a law requiring drivers to use the right lane. Soon after, New York legally required drivers to use the right side of all public highways. Every state followed suit by the Civil War, the DOT says.
Right-side travel was further reinforced in 1908 when Henry Ford introduced his popular Model T with the steering wheel on the left side, National Geographic explains, and other auto manufacturers followed the trend. Over the years other countries also adopted right-side travel, often to help facilitate trips across their borders. Canada, for instance, switched from driving in the left lanes in favor of the right to allow easier travel to and from the U.S., the History Channel explains.
Although most countries adopted their respective sides of the roads decades ago, some have switched traffic patterns more recently. Samoa, which previously favored the right side of the road, moved to the left in 2009 to help drivers more easily travel in Australia and New Zealand, which drive on the left. It’s unlikely many other countries will make similar changes due to the costs of changing infrastructure, The Economist says.
Originally published on April 5, 2012.
The post The History Behind Driving on the Left or Right Side of the Road appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
When autumn begins, it’s important to remember that deer become more active as they get ready for mating season — which can mean a greater risk of deer-related accidents while driving. It’s important to stay alert and be aware of your surroundings to help you avoid this risk. Here are a few safe driving tips to keep in mind while on the road.
According to the University of Illinois Extension (U of I Extension), the majority of vehicle accidents involving a deer occur from October through December, when deer activity is at its peak. It’s important to pay close attention to what’s around you — including deer crossing signs, as they can help you identify areas known to have a high deer population. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation recommends slowing down and increasing distance between your vehicle and other cars when you see those signs. The extra room may give you more time to react if a deer crosses the road in front of you.
Deer typically travel in groups, says the Insurance Information Institute (III), so if you cross paths with one deer, keep your eyes open for others. The U of I Extension advises that you should not swerve to avoid hitting a deer, even though it can be a common instinct, as it could cause you to lose control of your car and result in a more serious accident.
According to DeerCrash.org, deer tend to be most active at dawn and dusk. Since visibility is lower during these times, reduce your speed at night and use high-beam headlights for a better view — but make sure to tone them down when oncoming traffic approaches so you don’t reduce the visibility of other drivers. The brighter light can also help a deer’s eyes stand out, says the III, helping you spot a deer from further away. This may give you more time to slow down and safely pass the deer.
When deer are on the move, being able to see them from as far away as possible is important. To help ensure clear visibility, DeerCrash.org recommends keeping your windshield clean. You may also want to check your headlights regularly to be sure they are clean and in good working condition. While you’re at it, make sure your tail lights are clean and working as well — the U of I Extension states that if you see a deer on the road, tapping your brakes can help alert other drivers behind you of its presence.
Like all animals, deer can be unpredictable. While you can take many steps to improve your safety, sometimes accidents happen. If you do hit a deer, DeerCrash.org recommends coming to a stop on the side of the road and turning on your hazard lights. Once you’ve come to a stop, remain in your vehicle and report the accident to the local police department. The III states that you should not attempt to touch the animal, as a scared or wounded deer could cause further harm to itself — or even you.
Though deer season peaks from October through December, remember that a deer could run on or near roadways at any time of the year. Practice safe driving at all times and remember these few extra precautions to help get you through this time of year accident-free.
Originally published on November 17, 2011.
The post 5 Safe Driving Tips for Deer Season appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
When you get a new vehicle registration sticker or parking pass, you know what that means — it’s time to remove the old one. But peeling those old stickers off your car’s windshield can be difficult, and it often leaves behind some pesky residue. Better Homes and Gardens suggests three ways to remove stickers from car windows with supplies you probably have at home. Watch this video to learn how to remove sticker residue for good:
Once the sticker has been removed, try one of the below methods to help get rid of lingering residue on your windshield. And remember, these methods can also help remove sticker residue from any window on your car.
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Step 1: Use a spatula to cover the sticker residue on your window with creamy peanut butter.
Step 2: Let the peanut butter sit on your windshield until the residue has a chance to soften.
Step 3: Use a clean rag to wipe off the peanut butter and softened sticker residue.
Step 4: Clean the area with window cleaner to remove any streaking.
Step 1: Soak a whole clean rag with rubbing alcohol.
Step 2: Hold the soaked rag on top of the residue. Leave it there for several minutes to allow the residue on the glass to soften, suggests Better Homes and Gardens.
Step 3: Use the alcohol-soaked rag to wipe away the residue.
Step 4: Polish it up by cleaning the area with glass cleaner to remove any streaking.
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Step 1: Apply a spray lubricant directly onto the sticker residue.
Step 2: Let the spray lubricant sit on the sticker residue for several minutes to soften the adhesive, Better Homes and Gardens says.
Step 3: Use a clean rag to wipe away the spray lubricant and the residue.
Step 4: If necessary, use window cleaner to remove any remaining residue, lubricant or streaking.
The post How to Remove a Sticker From a Car’s Windshield appeared first on The Allstate Blog.
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